Let’s talk about the fracking facts – Craig Bennett
Fracking firm Cuadrilla has started work on their site at Preston New Road in Lancashire, despite opposition from local residents and their elected representatives.
If they succeed in fracking it would be the first time fracking has taken place in the UK for over five years (since earth tremors put a halt to exploratory drilling in Preese Hall near Blackpool in 2011).
There have also been protests at Sherwood Forest after a Friends of the Earth investigation revealed that INEOS would like to explore for shale gas in the forest, and a protection camp established at Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire, where Barclays owned fracking company Third Energy has permission to frack. On Wednesday, Councillors in North Lincolnshire rejected drilling plans at Wressle reportedly saying they “had no confidence in the Environment Agency to monitor and regulate the site.”
But even if you follow the fracking debate closely you might have missed all these crucial developments amid the white noise around Cuadrilla’s complaint to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) against us.
So, let’s clarify the facts
With all the media outrage and inaccurate reporting, I wanted to explain our side of the story.
For clarity, the ASA closed the case informally without making any ruling on our claims or their accuracy. Yep –that’s right; it is those newspapers that claimed the ASA concluded we got our facts wrong that have – guess what? – got their facts wrong. This is in contrast to the formal ruling that the ASA made on the inaccuracy of misleading claims by Cuadrilla in 2013, where the ASA ruled that that Cuadrilla’s claim it “uses proven, safe technologies to explore for and recovered natural gas” was misleading, exaggerated and unsubstantiated.
In our case, Friends of the Earth agreed not to reuse an old leaflet, or repeat some specific wording, because the case was taking time away from vital campaigning – we are, after all, talking about an out-of-date leaflet from two years ago which we weren’t using anyway.
But, one thing is certain, we continue to stand by our facts. Indeed, the scientific evidence against fracking is stronger than ever.
The evidence
The complaint against us covered four areas – the risks of fracking to water, asthma and house prices, and the chemicals used in fracking.
There is a large amount of evidence outlining these risks – and others – here are the headlines:
Fracking risks groundwater contamination
- In December last year, the US Environmental Protection Agency identified cases of impacts on drinking water at each stage in the hydraulic fracturing water cycle.
- Lord Chris Smith, Chair of the ASA, former chair of the Environment Agency, and current Chair of the industry funded Shale Gas Task Force said in 2013 that groundwater contamination is the “biggest environmental risk” from fracking.
- A British Geological Survey study noted “Groundwater may be potentially contaminated by extraction of shale gas both from the constituents of shale gas itself, from the formulation and deep injection of water containing a cocktail of additives used for hydraulic fracturing and from flowback water which may have a high content of saline formation water”.
Fracking and asthma
- Research institute PSE Healthy Energy published a major peer-reviewed study, in an academic journal which assessed peer-reviewed scientific literature from around the world on the health impacts of unconventional natural gas development over 2009 – 2015 and found that 87% of air quality studies indicate elevated air pollutant emissions and/or atmospheric concentrations which are linked to asthma.
- An article in the peer reviewed journal of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Warneke et al) shows that smog levels are high around areas where there is a high level of fracking.
- A study by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2016, found fracking Industry wells are associated with increased risk of asthma attacks in Pennsylvania.
Fracking and falling house prices
- Analysis in a study by academics from LSE, University of Bristol and Duke University found that house prices fell by 2.7 to 4.1% in the area of Cuadrilla’s fracking site in Lancashire, which caused two earthquakes in 2011.
- Research from leading market research agency Redshift found that estate agents in 3 areas of the UK effected by fracking, estimated the possible loss to house prices at 8-11% or more.
In 2015 the government were forced to publish a DEFRA draft report through a Freedom of Information (FOI) request that found that “there could potentially be a range of 0 to 7% reductions in property values within 1 mile of an extraction site”.
Chemicals, health and fracking
- A peer-reviewed study of chemicals used in fracking in the US by Colborn et al (2011), found that 25% of identifiable fracking chemicals could cause cancer and mutations.
- The UK Environment Agency has a policy against the use of ‘hazardous’ chemicals in fracking, but not ‘toxic’ chemicals, a lower grade of risk in EU law[1]. The ASA has already ruled that Cuadrilla cannot say “fracturing fluid does not contain hazardous or toxic components”.
- The UK Environment Agency has already permitted the use in drilling and fracking of substances either classified as ‘hazardous’ or which have serious known health risks:
- Cuadrilla has been granted permission to use oil-based ‘muds’ to drill wells in Lancashire. These are classified as ‘hazardous’ in the permit.
- Both Cuadrilla in Lancashire and Third Energy in Yorkshire have permission to use silica sand in fracking – the UK Health and Safety Executive says this is known to be linked with lung cancer. Academics also wrote to The Times in support of this evidence in October 2015.
Fracking risks public health
- After a two year moratorium, fracking was banned in New York State in 2014 after Dr Howard Zucker, State Commission of Public Health concluded there are “significant” risks to public health. His comments were informed by a 2 year long review by the Department of Health which found that “Until the science provides sufficient information to determine the level of risk to public health from HVHF [High Volume Hydraulic Fracturing] to all New Yorkers and whether the risks can be adequately managed, DOH recommends that HVHF should not proceed in New York State”.
- A letter from 18 UK health professionals including Dr Adam, former Deputy Chief Medical Officer of the Department of Health, and Dr Gerarda, former chair of the Royal College of GPs, says that “the arguments against fracking on public health and ecological grounds are overwhelming”.
Climate change
I think that this evidence is pretty worrying, and so do many governments who have banned or put on hold fracking because of these risks including France, Bulgaria, Scotland, Wales, Netherlands. Also in New York State and there is a proposed ban in the state of Victoria in Australia. But on top of all this, we know that if we’re to deal with climate change, fossil fuels must stay in the ground. Fracking just isn’t compatible with that.
So, why the debate?
You might be wondering, if all this evidence exists, why has there even been a debate?
Well, many in the industry like to argue that we don’t have to worry about these well-documented risks because, they say, regulation in the UK is so good it will stop these risks from being realised – an argument also made by the ASA. Importantly, the debate is not whether scientific evidence for these risks exists – it is available in academic journals– but whether the UK will somehow magically escape the worst of them.
Would UK regulation remove all the risks associated with fracking? I don’t think so. Professor Andrew Watterson and Dr William Dinan of Stirling University, have conducted a comprehensive and independent academic review of UK fracking regulation and concluded:
“The evidence from peer-reviewed papers suggests fracking in the UK will not be effectively regulated”.
But I’m sure you’ll agree, that even if there was a debate to be had here, an Advertising self- regulator, might not be best placed to address it?
In the end
In the end you have to consider who you believe? The scientists and the peer-reviewed studies documenting the impact of fracking in countries where it has taken place, or an industry that seem keen on talking about anything but the facts.
We won’t be distracted from the real issues or silenced from telling people the truth. Our environment needs protecting; it’s why we believe we should heed expert warnings and why we won’t apologise for rejecting this risky industry.
[1] Hazardous substances” are defined in Article 2(29) of the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60) as substances which are “toxic, persistent and liable to bio-accumulate”. It follows that, as a matter of law, a substance which is merely toxic will not necessarily be hazardous to groundwater (as it must also be persistent and liable to bio-accumulate). See the Water Framework Directive here
Craig Bennett, Friends of the Earth Chief Executive, 13th January 2017.